51

Rhizospheric Microbial Inoculation in Developing Stress Tolerance

SAR have diverse gene induction and expression patterns that are dependent

on the eliciting and regulatory pathways (Nawrocka & Maolepsza, 2013).

Under biotic stress, PGPM induce SAR, that includes the assemblage of PR

proteins and SA, whereas ISR depends on pathways associated with the regu­

lation of jasmonate and ethylene (Salas-Marina et al., 2011; Bari & Jones,

2009). The NOS (nitrogen-oxygen species) as well as ROS (reactive oxygen

species) have a significant impact on the generation of SA, JA, and ET, and

they create a complicated networks that modulates pathogens (Bari & Jones,

2009; Choudhary & Johri, 2009). The ethylene and regulatory factors play a

crucial while the PR genes are expressing themselves.

2.8 CONCLUSION

Plant growth characteristics, productivity, and survivability are all affected

by various kinds of abiotic and biotic stressors. Those crops and plants that

can substitute their physio-biological properties because of the exhibition of

salinity, drought, heat, cold, and alkalinity tolerant proteins can withstand

stress conditions. Crop output, quality of food, and universal food security

are all hampered by these pressures. Imbalance in hormones, nutrient mobili­

zation, toxicity of ions, and disease vulnerability are all continuing to wreak

havoc on maturation and survivability of the plant in the current climate.

The only other option for dealing with plant stressors is by the develop­

ment of microbiological contrivances and procedures for soil-plant-microbe

interaction.

KEYWORDS

•

abiotic stress

•

drought

•

heavy metal stress

•

microbial inoculation

•

salinity

•

tolerance